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材料導論
本書共分為兩部分:第一部分分別介紹了金屬材料、陶瓷材料、水泥混凝土材料、高分子材料、復(fù)合材料、半導體材料、能源材料的基本結(jié)構(gòu)特征、性能、用途、合成制造和加工方法;第二部分為各種材料的實驗操作內(nèi)容。
探索材料世界,從此開始,材料導論帶你觀其發(fā)展時間軸,學其原理,重其應(yīng)用,展望材料領(lǐng)域未來。
大千世界中,材料處不在。吃、穿、住、行,每個人每天都會碰到諸如金屬、橡膠、磁性、光電等眾多材料,小到一根針、一張紙、一個塑料袋、一件衣服,大到交通工具、醫(yī)療器械、工程建筑、信息通訊、航天航空,處處都有材料科學與工程的身影。
材料科學與工程以材料學、化學、物理學為基礎(chǔ),主要研究材料成分、結(jié)構(gòu)、加工工藝與其性能和應(yīng)用。人類文明的發(fā)展史事實上就是一部如何更好地利用材料和創(chuàng)造材料的歷史,材料的不斷創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展,反過來又極大地推動了社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。
材料科學與工程囊括了金屬材料工程、機非金屬材料工程、高分子材料與工程、復(fù)合材料與工程等。隨著人類進入新世紀以及科學技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,論是工業(yè)領(lǐng)域、建筑領(lǐng)域、醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域還是航空領(lǐng)域,材料學都面臨著技術(shù)突破和重大產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展機遇。以高分子材料、納米材料、光電子材料、生物醫(yī)用材料及新能源材料等為代表的新材料技術(shù)創(chuàng)新也顯得非;钴S。很多日用化工類、機械加工類、石油化工、鋼鐵制造類企業(yè)都離不開材料及相關(guān)工程方面的人才,如材料及高分子復(fù)合材料成型加工、高分子合成、化學纖維、新型建筑裝飾材料、現(xiàn)代噴涂與包裝材料、陶瓷、水泥、家用電器、電子電氣、汽車廠、鋼鐵企業(yè)、石油化工、制造企業(yè)、航天航空等企業(yè)中從事設(shè)計、新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)管理、市場經(jīng)營及貿(mào)易部門工作的人員,高等學校、科研單位從事材料科學研究與教學工作的學者和研究人員,政府部門從事行政管理、質(zhì)量監(jiān)督等工作的行政人員等,都也離不開材料及相關(guān)工程方面的知識和技能。
按照材料的種類,本書共涉及七種材料:金屬材料、陶瓷材料、水泥混凝土材料、高分子材料、復(fù)合材料、半導體材料、能源材料,分別介紹各種材料的基本結(jié)構(gòu)特征、性能、用途、合成制造、加工方法和相關(guān)實驗操作。本書在注重材料科學基礎(chǔ)理論的同時,兼顧材料工程生產(chǎn)實踐,注重理論與生產(chǎn)生活實踐相結(jié)合,提高讀者的閱讀興趣。
由于作者水平有限,疏漏和不足之處在所難免,敬請讀者指正。
王者輝,泰山醫(yī)學院,副教授, 自2004年以來,長期從事高分子材料專業(yè)的本、專科的教學,教授的課程主要有材料導論、專業(yè)英語、聚合物改性、涂料化學、光化學與光物理、波譜分析、聚合物加工流變學、高分子材料概論等?蒲蟹较驗獒t(yī)用高分子材料、高分子界面。
Part 1 Materials Introduction
Chapter 1 Metals 2
1.1 What are Metals? 2
1.2 Historical Timeline of Metals 3
1.3 Future Trends 4
1.4 Scientific Principles 4
1.4.1 Structure of Metals 4
1.4.2 Mechanical Properties 7
1.4.3 Processing 8
1.4.4 Alloys 9
1.4.5 Corrosion 10
1.4.6 Metal Ores 11
1.4.7 Summary 12
Review Questions 13
Answers to Review Questions 13
References 14
Glossary 14
Chapter 2 Ceramics 17
2.1 What Are Ceramics? 17
2.2 Historical Timeline of Ceramics 19
2.3 Future Trends 20
2.4 Scientific Principles 21
2.4.1 Introduction 21
2.4.2 Atomic Bonding 21
2.4.3 Classification 21
2.4.4 Thermal Properties 22
2.4.5 Optical Properties 24
2.4.6 Mechanical Properties 26
2.4.7 Electrical Properties 28
2.4.8 Ceramic Processing 30
2.4.9 Summary 33
Review Questions 33
Answers to Review Questions 34
References 34
Glossary 35
Chapter 3 Concrete 38
3.1 What is Concrete? 38
3.2 The Historical Timeline of Concrete 39
3.3 Future Trends 40
3.4 Scientific Principles 41
3.4.1 What is in This Stuff? 41
3.4.2 Concrete Production 43
3.4.3 Properties of Concrete 47
3.4.4 Concrete Degradation 51
3.4.5 Summary 51
Review Questions 52
Answers to Review Questions 53
References 54
Glossary 54
Chapter 4 Polymers 56
4.1 What are Polymers? 56
4.2 Historical Timeline of Polymers 57
4.3 Future Trends 58
4.4 Scientific Principles 58
4.4.1 Polymerization Reactions 59
4.4.2 Polymer Chemical Structure 60
4.4.3 Polymer Physical Structure 61
4.4.4 Members of the Polymer Family 62
4.4.5 Polymer Processing 62
4.4.6 Recycling 64
4.4.7 Summary 68
Review Questions 68
Answers to Review Questions 69
References 70
Glossary 70
Abbreviations 71
Chapter 5 Composite Materials 72
5.1 What are Composite Materials? 72
5.2 Historical Timeline of Composite Materials 73
5.3 Future Trends 74
5.4 Scientific Principles 75
5.4.1 Get to Know of Composite Materials 75
5.4.2 Products of Composite Materials 76
5.4.3 Constituents of Composite Materials 77
5.4.4 Fabrication Methods 78
5.4.5 Finishing Methods 81
5.4.6 Tooling 81
5.4.7 Physical Properties 81
5.4.8 Summary 82
Review Questions 83
Answers to Review Questions 83
References 84
Glossary 84
Abbreviations 86
Chapter 6 Semiconductors 88
6.1 What are Semiconductors? 88
6.2 Historical Timeline of Semiconductors 89
6.3 Future Trends 90
6.4 Scientific Principles 91
6.4.1 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors 91
6.4.2 Research and Application 95
6.4.3 Properties and Processing of Electronic Materials 96
6.4.4 Summary 99
Review Questions 100
Answers to Review Questions 101
References 102
Glossary 103
Chapter 7 Energy 106
7.1 What is Energy? 107
7.2 Historical Timeline of Energy 107
7.3 Future Trends 108
7.4 Scientific Principles 109
7.4.1 Basic Energy Principles 109
7.4.2 Fossil Fuels 113
7.4.3 Renewable Energy Sources 120
7.4.4 Nuclear Energy 125
7.4.5 Summary 133
Review Questions 133
Answers to Review Questions 135
References 135
Glossary 136
Part 2 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations
Chapter 8 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Metals 142
8.1 Laboratory Activities 142
Experiment 1 Crystal Packing 142
Experiment 2 A Particle Model of Metals: Atomic Bb’s 143
Experiment 3 Processing Metals: Making Metals Strong 145
Experiment 4 Tensile Strength Test: Stretching Wires 147
Experiment 5 Forming Brass from Zinc and Copper: “Gold” Penny Lab 149
Experiment 6 Activity Series: Which one Reacts? 151
Experiment 7 Corrosion of Iron: Rust! 153
Experiment 8 Oxidation of a Metal: Chemical Hand Warmer 156
8.2 Demonstrations 157
Demonstration 1 Phase Transition of High Carbon Steel 157
Demonstration 2 Removal of Zinc from Pennies: Floating Pennies 159
Demonstration 3 Corrosion of Iron: Test Tube Geology 160
Chapter 9 Laboratory Activities of Ceramics 163
Experiment 1 Clay Labs: Ready-Beam-Fire 163
Experiment 2 Flocculation in Ceramics 167
Experiment 3 Glass Labs: Wow You Can See Right Through Me! 168
Experiment 4 Electrical Resistance in a Glass Bulb 173
Experiment 5 Fiber Optics Labs: Light at the End of the Tunnel 173
Chapter 10 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Concrete 176
10.1 Laboratory Activities 176
Experiment 1 Physical Properties: What’s the Matter? 176
Experiment 2 Concrete Density and Aggregates: How Dense Is It? 178
Experiment 3 Cement Hydration and pH Evolution: Hot and Cold 180
Experiment 4 A Design Project: The Fleet Afloat! 183
Experiment 5 Stress and Strain 186
Experiment 6 Make and Take 192
10.2 Demonstrations 193
Demonstration 1 Making a Silt Test 193
Demonstration 2 Conducting an Organic Matter Test 193
Demonstration 3 Effect of Aggregate on Workability of Concrete 194
Demonstration 4 It’s Heating Up! 195
Demonstration 5 pH of Cement 196
Chapter 11 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Ploymers 199
11.1 Laboratory Activities 199
Experiment 1 Crunch and Munch Lab 199
Experiment 2 Slime Away 202
Experiment 3 A Silly Polymer 205
Experiment 4 Don’t Throw it in the Garbage 208
Experiment 5 Plastics the Second Time Around 211
11.2 Demonstrations 215
Demonstration 1 Let’s Make an Addition Polymer 215
Demonstration 2 Introduction to the New Chain Gang 217
Demonstration 3 The Formation of the Wonder Polymer 218
Chapter 12 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Composite Materials 220
12.1 Laboratory Activities 220
Experiment 1 Composite Column Design/Test Lab 220
Experiment 2 Composite Materials Structure 223
12.2 Demonstrations 229
Demonstration 1 Snow Ski 229
Demonstration 2 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) in a Race Car 230
Chapter 13 Laboratory Activities of Semiconductors 232
Experiment 1 Electronic Familiarity 232
Experiment 2 Hot and Cold 234
Experiment 3 Let There Be Light 238
Experiment 4 What is Ohmic? 242
Experiment 5 Alternating to Direct 246
Experiment 6 Working with LED’s 249
Chapter 14 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Energy 253
14.1 Laboratory Activities 253
Experiment 1 Great Chemistry! 253
Experiment 2 Heating It Up! 257
Experiment 3 Half-Life: The Energizer Bunny Effect 260
Experiment 4 Nature’s Kitchen ——Solar Box Cooker 262
14.2 Demonstrations 265
Demonstration 1 Potential to Kinetic Energy 265
Demonstration 2 Dipping into Solar Ponds 267
Demonstration 3 Nuclear Mice 269
Appendix: Unit Conversion Tables
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