目 錄
第1 章 緒論 ································································································.1
1.1 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)的研究背景與意義 ··································································.1
1.2 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)的研究歷史和現(xiàn)狀 ··································································.5
1.2.1 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)修正折射率剖面的測(cè)量方法和預(yù)測(cè)模型研究 ························.7
1.2.2 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度時(shí)空分布規(guī)律研究 ·················································.10
1.2.3 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)環(huán)境特性實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)及短期預(yù)報(bào)方法研究 ····························.12
1.2.4 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)中的電磁波傳播理論和傳播模型研究 ·······························.14
1.2.5 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)對(duì)船載電子系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用影響研究 ·····································.16
1.3 本書的主要內(nèi)容 ···············································································.16
本章參考文獻(xiàn) ·························································································.18
第2 章 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)的基本概念 ·········································································.24
2.1 對(duì)流層折射 ·····················································································.24
2.1.1 球面分層大氣中的折射定律 ·······················································.24
2.1.2 射線的曲率半徑 ······································································.25
2.1.3 折射的分類 ············································································.26
2.1.4 修正折射率 ············································································.28
2.2 對(duì)流層大氣波導(dǎo)的分類 ······································································.29
本章小結(jié) ·······························································································.30
本章參考文獻(xiàn) ·························································································.30
第3 章 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)預(yù)測(cè)模型 ············································································.31
3.1 大氣運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本概念 ·········································································.31
3.1.1 大氣運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本方程 ································································.31
3.1.2 大氣中尺度環(huán)流 ······································································.31
3.1.3 莫寧-奧布霍夫相似理論 ····························································.32
3.2 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)預(yù)測(cè)模型——PJ 模型 ····························································.33
3.2.1 PJ 模型的基本理論 ···································································.33
3.2.2 計(jì)算機(jī)仿真結(jié)果 ······································································.35
3.3 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)預(yù)測(cè)模型——偽折射率模型 ···················································.37
3.3.1 偽折射率模型的基本理論 ··························································.37
3.3.2 計(jì)算機(jī)仿真結(jié)果 ······································································.40
3.4 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)預(yù)測(cè)模型——NPS 模型 ·························································.41
3.4.1 NPS 模型 ···············································································.42
3.4.2 NPS 模型在穩(wěn)定條件下的改進(jìn) ····················································.44
3.5 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度對(duì)氣象要素的敏感性分析 ················································.46
3.6 冷空氣條件下不同蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)預(yù)測(cè)模型的對(duì)比 ··········································.48
3.6.1 4 種蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)預(yù)測(cè)模型的對(duì)比 ·····················································.49
3.6.2 冷空氣條件下的電磁波傳播實(shí)驗(yàn) ·················································.56
本章小結(jié) ·······························································································.63
本章參考文獻(xiàn) ·························································································.63
第4 章 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度時(shí)空分布規(guī)律 ································································.65
4.1 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的方法與數(shù)據(jù)源 ······················································.65
4.2 世界海洋蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律及其成因分析 ······························.70
4.2.1 世界海洋蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律 ········································.70
4.2.2 世界海洋蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律的成因分析 ·························.74
4.3 西太平洋蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律及其成因分析 ······························.77
4.3.1 西太平洋蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律 ········································.77
4.3.2 西太平洋蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律的成因分析 ·························.82
4.4 中國(guó)南海蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律及其成因分析 ······························.87
4.4.1 中國(guó)南海蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律 ········································.88
4.4.2 中國(guó)南海蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律的成因分析 ·························.94
4.5 亞丁灣蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律及其成因分析 ·································.96
4.5.1 亞丁灣蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律 ···········································.97
4.5.2 亞丁灣蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律的成因分析 ···························.104
4.6 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度時(shí)空分布規(guī)律的實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證 ···············································.106
4.6.1 海上實(shí)驗(yàn)概況 ········································································.106
4.6.2 海上實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 ········································································.107
本章小結(jié) ······························································································.108
本章參考文獻(xiàn) ························································································.109
第5 章 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)環(huán)境特性實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)及短期預(yù)報(bào)方法 ·········································.110
5.1 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)環(huán)境特性實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)方法 ························································.110
5.1.1 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)環(huán)境特性實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)方法概述 ··········································.110
5.1.2 船載氣象觀測(cè)系統(tǒng)的組成及其測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)的可靠性分析 ·····················.111
5.1.3 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)預(yù)測(cè)模型對(duì)氣象參數(shù)誤差敏感性分析 ······························.116
5.1.4 傳感器類型選擇及其安裝位置建議 ·············································.122
5.2 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)環(huán)境特性短期預(yù)報(bào)方法 ························································.123
5.2.1 基于GFS 數(shù)據(jù)的蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)環(huán)境特性短期預(yù)報(bào)方法 ··························.123
5.2.2 基于WRF 模型的蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)環(huán)境特性短期預(yù)報(bào)方法 ·························.126
本章小結(jié) ······························································································.131
本章參考文獻(xiàn) ························································································.131
第6 章 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)與海水蒸發(fā)量的關(guān)系 ···························································.132
6.1 概述 ·····························································································.132
6.2 數(shù)據(jù)和方法 ····················································································.133
6.2.1 數(shù)據(jù)·····················································································.133
6.2.2 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析方法 ·······························································.135
6.3 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度和蒸發(fā)量關(guān)系的定性分析 ···············································.135
6.3.1 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度和蒸發(fā)量時(shí)空演變的基本特征 ·································.135
6.3.2 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度和蒸發(fā)量經(jīng)驗(yàn)正交函數(shù)分析結(jié)果 ······························.137
6.3.3 海面風(fēng)速和海水表面溫度的相對(duì)影響分析 ····································.140
6.4 通過(guò)蒸發(fā)量定量估算蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)高度 ·····················································.144
6.4.1 氣海環(huán)境因素的敏感性分析 ······················································.144
6.4.2 定量關(guān)系的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析 ·······························································.146
本章小結(jié) ······························································································.150
本章參考文獻(xiàn) ························································································.150
第7 章 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)中的電磁波傳播模型 ···························································.153
7.1 射線追蹤模型 ·················································································.153
7.1.1 射線追蹤模型簡(jiǎn)介 ··································································.153
7.1.2 射線及幾何光學(xué)的基本原理 ······················································.153
7.1.3 射線追蹤模型的推導(dǎo) ·······························································.154
7.2 拋物方程模型 ·················································································.156
7.2.1 拋物方程簡(jiǎn)介 ········································································.156
7.2.2 拋物方程模型的推導(dǎo) ·······························································.156
7.2.3 拋物方程的解法 ·····································································.159
7.2.4 邊界條件、初始場(chǎng)及電磁波傳播路徑損失 ····································.165
7.3 混合模型 ·······················································································.168
本章小結(jié) ······························································································.168
本章參考文獻(xiàn) ························································································.169
第8 章 海洋蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)中的電磁波傳播特性 ·····················································.170
8.1 水平均勻蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)中的電磁波傳播仿真結(jié)果 ·········································.170
8.1.1 射線追蹤模型下水平均勻蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)中的電磁波傳播仿真結(jié)果 ············.170
8.1.2 拋物方程模型下水平均勻蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)中的電磁波傳播仿真結(jié)果 ············.170
8.2 水平不均勻蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)對(duì)電磁波傳播的影響 ············································.173
8.2.1 水平不均勻蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)特性分析 ···················································.173
8.2.2 仿真計(jì)算 ··············································································.175
8.2.3 海上實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果及分析 ·······························································.180
8.3 海上障礙物對(duì)蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)中的電磁波傳播的影響 ······································.184
8.3.1 障礙物模型 ···········································································.184
8.3.2 仿真計(jì)算 ··············································································.185
8.3.3 海上實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果及分析 ·······························································.190
8.4 海面粗糙度對(duì)蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)中的電磁波超視距傳播的影響 ·····························.194
8.4.1 海面粗糙度的計(jì)算方法 ····························································.194
8.4.2 仿真計(jì)算結(jié)果及分析 ·······························································.195
8.5 海洋蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)信道的多徑效應(yīng)分析及實(shí)驗(yàn) ············································.197
8.5.1 模型的理論和方法 ··································································.198
8.5.2 仿真條件計(jì)算結(jié)果及分析 ·························································.198
8.5.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)及解釋 ·····································································.201
8.6 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)信道的頻率響應(yīng) ··································································.205
8.6.1 頻率響應(yīng)的計(jì)算方法 ·······························································.205
8.6.2 仿真計(jì)算 ··············································································.206
8.6.3 海上實(shí)驗(yàn)及結(jié)果分析 ·······························································.210
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第9 章 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸系統(tǒng) ····································································.217
9.1 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸系統(tǒng)的輔助決策方法 ···············································.217
9.1.1 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)信道的路徑損失 ·························································.218
9.1.2 通信系統(tǒng)能力的計(jì)算 ·······························································.219
9.1.3 輔助決策方法的確定 ·······························································.220
9.2 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)優(yōu)化 ·····················································.221
9.2.1 最優(yōu)天線高度 ········································································.221
9.2.2 最優(yōu)工作頻率 ········································································.223
9.3 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸系統(tǒng)的可通概率 ·····················································.224
9.3.1 可通概率的計(jì)算方法 ·······························································.224
9.3.2 可通概率計(jì)算結(jié)果 ··································································.225
9.4 海上實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證 ·················································································.229
9.4.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)概況 ··············································································.229
9.4.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證結(jié)果 ········································································.230
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第10 章 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)反演方法 ·········································································.232
10.1 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)反演的概況 ······································································.232
10.2 利用電磁波傳播路徑損失反演蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)修正折射率剖面 ·························.234
10.2.1 利用基于地形拋物方程模型得到的路徑損失反演蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)修正折射率
剖面的方法 ··········································································.234
10.2.2 TPEM 模型對(duì)電磁波傳播路徑損失的數(shù)值模擬及反演仿真 ··············.235
10.3 利用雷達(dá)海雜波反演蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)修正折射率剖面 ·····································.239
10.3.1 反演步驟及過(guò)程 ····································································.239
10.3.2 雷達(dá)海雜波相關(guān)模型和功率求解 ···············································.241
10.3.3 正向模型的數(shù)值模擬及反演仿真 ···············································.246
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第11 章 基于BP 神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)算法的蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)預(yù)測(cè)模型 ··········································.250
11.1 基于BP 神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)算法的蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)建�；�本原理 ···································.250
11.1.1 BP 神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)算法 ···································································.250
11.1.2 訓(xùn)練及驗(yàn)證數(shù)據(jù) ····································································.253
11.1.3 訓(xùn)練次數(shù)對(duì)均方根誤差的影響 ··················································.254
11.2 穩(wěn)定與不穩(wěn)定條件下的訓(xùn)練結(jié)果對(duì)蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)預(yù)測(cè)模型的影響 ···················.259
11.2.1 不穩(wěn)定條件下的訓(xùn)練結(jié)果及分析 ···············································.260
11.2.2 穩(wěn)定條件下的訓(xùn)練結(jié)果及分析 ··················································.263
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第12 章 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)軟件 ·······························································.268
12.1 軟件設(shè)計(jì)的總體思路 ······································································.268
12.2 海區(qū)網(wǎng)格選擇功能模塊 ···································································.268
12.3 海區(qū)網(wǎng)格蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)特性功能模塊 ·······················································.270
12.4 全球蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)特性功能模塊 ·····························································.272
12.5 西太平洋蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)特性功能模塊 ·······················································.274
12.6 蒸發(fā)波導(dǎo)剖面預(yù)測(cè)功能模塊 ·····························································.275
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