Big Earth Data in Support of the Sustainable Development Goals (2021): China showcases the innovative practice of applying Big Earth Data to the monitoring and evaluating indicators for six SDGs, i.e., SDG 2 Zero Hunger, SDG 6 Clean Water and Sanitation, SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities, SDG 13 Climate Action, SDG14 Life below Water, SDG 15 Life on Land, and the analysis of the interactions among multiple SDG indicators. It presents 52 case studies on 27 targets. The report showcases the results of research, monitoring, and evaluation of SDGs and their indicators at two scales—local, national—totalling 36 data products, 25 methods and models, and 41 decision-support recommendations. These research results demonstrate China's exploration and practice in promoting the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development through scientific and technological innovation, fully reveal the application value and broad prospects of Earth's big data technology in monitoring and evaluating the sustainable development goals, and open up new ways and methods to support the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development through the use of advanced technologies and methods such as big data and artificial intelligence under the framework of the UN technology promotion mechanism. It can provide reference for countries to strengthen the implementation monitoring and evaluation of the agenda.

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Contents
i Foreword
v Preface
ix Executive Summary
Chapter 1 Introduction / 1
Chapter 2 SDG 2 Zero Hunger
Background / 8
Main Contributions / 9
Case Study / 11
2.1 Biomass development and food security in China under the carbon neutral vision / 11
2.2 Precision agriculture based on Satellite-Aerial-Ground Integrated (SAGI) technology / 18
2.3 Spatiotemporal variations in cropping intensity in China in 2001-2020 / 24
2.4 Mapping crop distribution and spatiotemporal changes in China / 30
2.5 Evaluation of mitigating effects of irrigation on agricultural drought in the North China Plain / 35
2.6 Construction of an efficient ecological agriculture paradigm: An experiment in a low-medium yield region along the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River / 45
Summary / 51
Chapter 3 SDG 6 Clean Water and Sanitation
Background / 56
Main Contributions / 57
Case Study / 59
3.1 Changes in sewage treatment capacity in China / 59
3.2 Monitoring and evaluating the changes in lake water clarity in China / 68
3.3 Spatiotemporal differences in water stress in China / 76
3.4 Evaluating water use efficiency in Lincang City， Yunnan Province， China， from 2010 to 2020 / 85
3.5 Assessment of China’s integrated water resources management / 95
3.6 Change in natural and artificial water bodies in China from 2000 to 2020 / 100
3.7 Spatiotemporal changes in China’s vegetated wetlands from 2010 to 2020 / 105
3.8 Environmental health status of Ramsar sites in China / 111
Summary / 119
Chapter 4 SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities Background / 122
Main Contributions / 123
Case Study / 125
4.1 Assessing housing affordability in China (2010-2020) / 125
4.2 Proportion of the population with convenient access to public transportation in China / 130
4.3 Evaluation and projection of land use efficiency in China’s major cities / 135
4.4 Mapping spatial distribution of building height in cities in China / 142
4.5 Response of land cover to extreme drought and its climate resilience at the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces world heritage site / 148
4.6 Interannual variation of the total loss from natural disasters at the prefecture level (2010-2020) / 157
4.7 Patterns and dynamics of UGS in China / 162
4.8 Community-scale urban landscape change and sustainable development indicators in major Chinese cities / 167
4.9 Integrated evaluation of SDG 11 indicators in Chinese cities from 2015 to 2020 / 172
Summary / 178
Chapter 5 SDG 13 Climate Action
Background / 182
Main Contributions / 183
Case Study / 185
5.1 Interannual changes in sand and dust weather in China in 2010-2020 / 185
5.2 Risk assessment of maize yield reduction caused by drought in China from 2000 to 2020 / 190
5.3 Spatiotemporal distribution and changes in waterlogging in China / 195
5.4 Spatiotemporal variations in greenhouse gas concentration in China / 201
5.5 Impacts of climate change on net ecosystem productivity of forests in China / 205
5.6 Impacts of China’s dietary model transformation on the sustainable development goals / 210
Summary / 215
Chapter 6 SDG 14 Life Below Water Background / 218
Main Contributions / 218
Case Study / 221
6.1 Source apportionment of microplastics in Jiaozhou Bay， China / 221
6.2 Monitoring and forecasting macroalgal blooms in the Yellow Sea / 225
6.3 Simulating marine ecosystem health on China’s coast / 230
6.4 Risk assessment of inundation in China’s coastal zone caused by sea-level rise / 235
6.5 Changes in mangrove forests in China / 243
6.6 Hypoxia， acidification and relations to phytoplankton blooms in river-dominated continental shelves: A case study of the Changjiang Estuary (2021) / 248
6.7 Mainland coastline changes and the major coastal reclamation in China from 2000 to 2020 / 255
6.8 Changes in coastal aquaculture ponds in China / 262
6.9 Dynamic monitoring of raft culture in China’s coastal waters / 267
Summary / 273
Chapter 7 SDG 15 Life on Land
Background / 276
Main Contributions / 276
Case Study / 279
7.1 Assessment of ecosystems and the dynamics of ecosystem quality in China / 279
7.2 Current status and gaps in grassland ecosystem conservation in China / 283
7.3 Big data simulation to generate a high-resolution distribution of rare and endangered plants / 287
7.4 Freeze-thaw desertification monitoring in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau / 292
7.5 Spatial and temporal change patterns and driving forces of salinization in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River and adjacent coastal areas from 2015 to 2020 / 298
7.6 Biodiversity conservation value of the land inhabited by ethnic groups in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau / 303
7.7 Monitoring spatiotemporal variations in wintering Siberian crane habitats / 309
Summary / 313
Chapter 8 Interactions Among SDG Indicators
Background / 316
Main Contributions / 319
Case