1 Why Software Engineering / 軟件工程概述 1 1.1 What Is Software Engineering / 什么是軟件工程？ 2 Solving Problems / 問(wèn)題求解 2 Where Does the Software Engineer Fit In / 軟件工程師的角色是什么？ 4 1.2 How Successful Have We Been / 軟件工程取得了哪些進(jìn)展？ 5 1.3 What Is Good Software / 什么是好的軟件？ 9 The Quality of the Product / 產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量 10 The Quality of the Process / 過(guò)程的質(zhì)量 11 Quality in the Context of the Business Environment / 商業(yè)環(huán)境背景下的質(zhì)量 12 1.4 Who Does Software Engineering / 軟件工程涉及哪些人員？ 14 1.5 A Systems Approach / 系統(tǒng)的方法 16 The Elements of a System / 系統(tǒng)的要素 16 Interrelated Systems / 相互聯(lián)系的系統(tǒng) 18 1.6 An Engineering Approach / 工程的方法 21 Building a House / 蓋房子 21 Building a System / 構(gòu)建系統(tǒng) 23 1.7 Members of the Development Team / 開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的成員 25 1.8 How Has Software Engineering Changed / 軟件工程發(fā)生了多大的變化？ 27 The Nature of the Change / 變化的本質(zhì) 28 Wasserman’s Discipline of Software Engineering / 軟件工程的 Wasserman 規(guī)范 30 1.9 Information Systems Example / 信息系統(tǒng)的例子 35 1.10 Real-Time Example / 實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的例子 37 1.11 What This Chapter Means for You / 本章對(duì)單個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)人員的意義 39 1.12 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team / 本章對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的意義 39 1.13 What This Chapter Means for Researchers / 本章對(duì)研究人員的意義 40 1.14 Term Project / 學(xué)期項(xiàng)目 40 1.15 Key References / 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 42 1.16 Exercises / 練習(xí) 42 2 Modeling the Process and Life Cycle / 過(guò)程和生命周期的建模 45 2.1 The Meaning of Process / 過(guò)程的含義 45 2.2 Software Process Models / 軟件過(guò)程模型 48 Waterfall Model / 瀑布模型 48 V Model / V 模型 52 Prototyping Model / 原型化模型 53 Operational Specification / 可操作規(guī)格說(shuō)明 54 Transformational Model / 可轉(zhuǎn)換模型 54 Phased Development: Increments and Iterations / 階段化開(kāi)發(fā)：增量和迭代 55 Spiral Model / 螺旋模型 58 Agile Methods / 敏捷方法 59 2.3 Tools and Techniques for Process Modeling / 過(guò)程建模工具和技術(shù) 63 Static Modeling: Lai Notation / 靜態(tài)建模：Lai 表示法 64 Dynamic Modeling: System Dynamics / 動(dòng)態(tài)建模：系統(tǒng)動(dòng)力學(xué) 67 2.4 Practical Process Modeling / 實(shí)際的過(guò)程建模 70 Marvel Case Studies / Marvel 的案例研究 70 Desirable Properties of Process Modeling Tools and Techniques / 過(guò)程建模工具和技術(shù)應(yīng)該具有的特性 72 2.5 Information Systems Example / 信息系統(tǒng)的例子 73 2.6 Real-Time Example / 實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的例子 75 2.7 What This Chapter Means for You / 本章對(duì)單個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)人員的意義 76 2.8 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team / 本章對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的意義 76 2.9 What This Chapter Means for Researchers / 本章對(duì)研究人員的意義 77 2.10 Term Project / 學(xué)期項(xiàng)目 77 2.11 Key References / 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 77 2.12 Exercises / 練習(xí) 81 3 Planning and Managing the Project / 計(jì)劃和管理項(xiàng)目 82 3.1 Tracking Progress / 跟蹤項(xiàng)目進(jìn)展 82 Work Breakdown and Activity Graphs / 工作分解和活動(dòng)圖 84 Estimating Completion / 估算完成時(shí)間 87 Tools to Track Progress / 跟蹤進(jìn)展的工具 92 3.2 Project Personnel / 項(xiàng)目人員 95 Staff Roles and Characteristics / 人員角色和特性 95 Work Styles / 工作風(fēng)格 99 Project Organization / 項(xiàng)目組織 101 3.3 Effort Estimation / 工作量估算 104 Expert Judgment / 專家判斷 106 Algorithmic Methods / 算法方法 108 Machine-Learning Methods / 機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)方法 115 Finding the Model for Your Situation / 找出適合具體情形的模型 117 3.4 Risk Management / 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理 119 What Is a Risk / 什么是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)？ 119 Risk Management Activities / 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理活動(dòng) 120 3.5 The Project Plan / 項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃 123 3.6 Process Models and Project Management / 過(guò)程模型和項(xiàng)目管理 125 Enrollment Management / 注冊(cè)管理 125 Accountability Modeling / 責(zé)任建模 128 Anchoring Milestones / 緊密結(jié)合里程碑 131 3.7 Information Systems Example / 信息系統(tǒng)的例子 133 3.8 Real-Time Example / 實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的例子 135 3.9 What This Chapter Means for You / 本章對(duì)單個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)人員的意義 136 3.10 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team / 本章對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的意義 136 3.11 What This Chapter Means for Researchers / 本章對(duì)研究人員的意義 137 3.12 Term Project / 學(xué)期項(xiàng)目 137 3.13 Key References / 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 137 3.14 Exercises / 練習(xí) 138 4 Capturing the Requirements / 獲取需求 141 4.1 The Requirements Process / 需求過(guò)程 142 4.2 Requirements Elicitation / 需求引發(fā) 144 4.3 Types of Requirements / 需求的類型 148 Resolving Conflicts / 解決沖突 149 Two Kinds of Requirements Documents / 兩種需求文檔 153 4.4 Characteristics of Requirements / 需求的特性 155 4.5 Modeling Notations / 建模表示法 156 Entity-Relationship Diagrams / 實(shí)體 - 聯(lián)系圖 157 Example: UML Class Diagrams / 例子：UML 類圖 159 Event Traces / 事件蹤跡 162 Example: Message Sequence Chart / 例子：消息時(shí)序圖 163 State Machines / 狀態(tài)機(jī) 164 Example: UML Statechart Diagrams / 例子：UML 狀態(tài)圖 165 Example: Petri Nets / 例子：Petri 網(wǎng) 169 Data-Flow Diagrams / 數(shù)據(jù)流圖 172 Example: Use Cases / 例子：用例 173 Functions and Relations / 函數(shù)和關(guān)系 175 Example: Decision Tables / 例子：判定表 176 Example: Parnas Tables / 例子：Parnas 表 177 Logic / 邏輯 178 Example: Object Constraint Language (OCL) / 例子：對(duì)象約束語(yǔ)言（OCL） 180 Example: Z / 例子：Z 181 Algebraic Specifications / 代數(shù)規(guī)格說(shuō)明 183 Example: SDL Data / 例子：SDL 數(shù)據(jù) 184 4.6 Requirements and Specification Languages / 需求和規(guī)格說(shuō)明語(yǔ)言 187 Unified Modeling Language (UML) / 統(tǒng)一建模語(yǔ)言（UML） 188 Specification and Description Language (SDL) / 規(guī)格說(shuō)明和描述語(yǔ)言（SDL） 189 Software Cost Reduction (SCR) / 軟件成本降低（SCR） 190 Other Features of Requirements Notations / 需求表示法的其他特征 191 4.7 Prototyping Requirements / 原型化需求 191 4.8 Requirements Documentation / 需求文檔 193 Requirements Definition / 需求定義 193 Requirements Specification / 需求規(guī)格說(shuō)明 195 Process Management and Requirements Traceability / 過(guò)程管理和需求的可跟蹤性 197 4.9 Validation and Verification / 確認(rèn)和驗(yàn)證 198 Requirements Validation / 需求確認(rèn) 199 Verification / 驗(yàn)證 202 4.10 Measuring Requirements / 測(cè)量需求 204 4.11 Choosing a Specification Technique / 選擇規(guī)格說(shuō)明技術(shù) 206 4.12 Information Systems Example / 信息系統(tǒng)的例子 209 4.13 Real-Time Example / 實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的例子 211 4.14 What This Chapter Means for You / 本章對(duì)單個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)人員的意義 213 4.15 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team / 本章對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的意義 214 4.16 What This Chapter Means for Researchers / 本章對(duì)研究人員的意義 214 4.17 Term Project / 學(xué)期項(xiàng)目 215 Preconditions and Assumptions / 前提和假設(shè) 215 High-Level Description of Functionality / 功能的高層描述 215 Functional Requirements / 功能需求 216 Data Constraints / 數(shù)據(jù)約束 217 Design and Interface Constraints / 設(shè)計(jì)和接口約束 218 Quality Requirements / 質(zhì)量需求 218 4.18 Key References / 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 218 4.19 Exercises / 練習(xí) 219 5 Designing the Architecture / 設(shè)計(jì)體系結(jié)構(gòu) 223 5.1 The Design Process / 設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程 223 Design Is a Creative Process / 設(shè)計(jì)是一種創(chuàng)造性過(guò)程 225 Design Process Model / 設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程模型 228 5.2 Modeling Architectures / 體系結(jié)構(gòu)建模 231 5.3 Decomposition and Views / 分解和視圖 231 Architectural Views / 體系結(jié)構(gòu)視圖 234 5.4 Architectural Styles and Strategies / 體系結(jié)構(gòu)風(fēng)格和策略 235 Pipe-and-Filter / 管道和過(guò)濾器 236 Client-Server / 客戶端 - 服務(wù)器 237 Peer-to-Peer / 對(duì)等網(wǎng)絡(luò) 238 Publish-Subscribe / 發(fā)布 - 訂閱 240 Repositories / 信息庫(kù) 241 Layering / 分層 242 Combining Architectural Styles / 組合體系結(jié)構(gòu)風(fēng)格 243 5.5 Achieving Quality Attributes / 滿足質(zhì)量屬性 245 Modifiability / 可修改性 245 Performance / 性能 247 Security / 安全性 248 Reliability / 可靠性 250 Robustness / 穩(wěn)健性 254 Usability / 易使用性 254 Business Goals / 商業(yè)目標(biāo) 255 5.6 Collaborative Design / 協(xié)作設(shè)計(jì) 256 Outsourcing / 外包 257 5.7 Architecture Evaluation and Refinement / 體系結(jié)構(gòu)的評(píng)估和改進(jìn) 258 Measuring Design Quality / 測(cè)量設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量 258 Fault-Tree Analysis / 故障樹(shù)分析 259 Security Analysis / 安全性分析 262 Trade-off Analysis / 權(quán)衡分析 263 Cost-Benefit Analysis / 成本效益分析 268 Prototyping / 原型化 272 5.8 Documenting Software Architectures / 文檔化軟件體系結(jié)構(gòu) 273 Mappings among Views / 視圖間的映射 275 Documenting Rationale / 文檔化設(shè)計(jì)合理性 276 5.9 Architecture Design Review / 體系結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)審 276 Validation / 確認(rèn) 276 Verification / 驗(yàn)證 278 5.10 Software Product Lines / 軟件產(chǎn)品線 279 Strategic Scoping / 戰(zhàn)略范圍 280 Advantages of Product-Line Architecture / 產(chǎn)品線體系結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)勢(shì) 282 Product-Line Evolution / 產(chǎn)品線的演化 283 5.11 Information Systems Example / 信息系統(tǒng)的例子 284 5.12 Real-Time Example / 實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的例子 286 5.13 What This Chapter Means for You / 本章對(duì)單個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)人員的意義 287 5.14 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team / 本章對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的意義 288 5.15 What This Chapter Means for Researchers / 本章對(duì)研究人員的意義 288 5.16 Term Project / 學(xué)期項(xiàng)目 289 5.17 Key References / 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 290 5.18 Exercises / 練習(xí) 290 6 Designing the Modules / 設(shè)計(jì)模塊 293 6.1 Design Methodology / 設(shè)計(jì)方法 294 6.2 Design Principles / 設(shè)計(jì)原則 295 Modularity / 模塊化 297 Interfaces / 接口 302 Information Hiding / 信息隱藏 304 Incremental Development / 增量式開(kāi)發(fā) 306 Abstraction / 抽象 307 Generality / 通用性 308 6.3 OO Design / 面向?qū)ο笤O(shè)計(jì) 310 Terminology / 術(shù)語(yǔ) 311 Inheritance vs. Object Composition / 繼承與對(duì)象組合 315 Substitutability / 可替換性 317 Law of Demeter / 德米特法則 318 Dependency Inversion / 依賴倒置 320 6.4 Representing OO Designs in the UML / 在 UML 中體現(xiàn)面向?qū)ο笤O(shè)計(jì) 321 UML in the Process / 過(guò)程中的 UML 321 UML Class Diagram / UML 類圖 324 Other UML Diagrams / 其他 UML 圖 330 6.5 OO Design Patterns / 面向?qū)ο笤O(shè)計(jì)模式 338 Template Method Pattern / 模板方法模式 340 Factory Method Pattern / 工廠方法模式 341 Strategy Pattern / 策略模式 342 Decorator Pattern / 裝飾者模式 343 Observer Pattern / 觀察者模式 344 Composite Pattern / 組合模式 345 Visitor Pattern / 訪問(wèn)者模式 346 6.6 Other Design Considerations / 設(shè)計(jì)中其他方面的考慮 348 Data Management / 數(shù)據(jù)管理 348 Exception Handling / 異常處理 349 Designing User Interfaces / 用戶界面設(shè)計(jì) 351 Frameworks / 框架 351 6.7 OO Measurement / 面向?qū)ο蠖攘?353 OO Size Measures / 面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)規(guī)模的度量 353 OO Design Quality Measures / 面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量的度量 355 Where to Do OO Measurement / 在何處進(jìn)行面向?qū)ο鬁y(cè)量 362 6.8 Design Documentation / 設(shè)計(jì)文檔 363 6.9 Information Systems Example / 信息系統(tǒng)的例子 366 6.10 Real-Time Example / 實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的例子 367 6.11 What This Chapter Means for You / 本章對(duì)單個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)人員的意義 367 6.12 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team / 本章對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的意義 369 6.13 What This Chapter Means for Researchers / 本章對(duì)研究人員的意義 369 6.14 Term Project / 學(xué)期項(xiàng)目 369 6.15 Key References / 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 370 6.16 Exercises / 練習(xí) 370 7 Writing the Programs / 編寫程序 373 7.1 Programming Standards and Procedures / 編程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和過(guò)程 373 Standards for You / 對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)人員的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 374 Standards for Others / 對(duì)其他人員的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 375 Matching Design with Implementation / 設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)現(xiàn)的匹配 376 7.2 Programming Guidelines / 編程的指導(dǎo)原則 376 Control Structures / 控制結(jié)構(gòu) 377 Algorithms / 算法 378 Data Structures / 數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu) 379 General Guidelines / 通用性指導(dǎo)原則 382 7.3 Documentation / 文檔 387 Internal Documentation / 內(nèi)部文檔 387 External Documentation / 外部文檔 390 7.4 The Programming Process / 編程過(guò)程 391 Programming as Problem Solving / 將編程作為問(wèn)題求解 392 Extreme Programming / 極限編程 393 Pair Programming / 結(jié)對(duì)編程 393 Whither Programming / 編程向何處去？ 394 7.5 Information Systems Example / 信息系統(tǒng)的例子 395 7.6 Real-Time Example / 實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的例子 396 7.7 What This Chapter Means for You / 本章對(duì)單個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)人員的意義 397 7.8 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team / 本章對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的意義 398 7.9 What This Chapter Means for Researchers / 本章對(duì)研究人員的意義 398 7.10 Term Project / 學(xué)期項(xiàng)目 398 7.11 Key References / 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 399 7.12 Exercises / 練習(xí) 399 8 Testing the Programs / 測(cè)試程序 401 8.1 Software Faults and Failures / 軟件故障和失效 401 Types of Faults / 故障的類型 403 Orthogonal Defect Classification / 正交缺陷分類 405 8.2 Testing Issues / 測(cè)試的相關(guān)問(wèn)題 407 Test Organization / 測(cè)試的組織 407 Attitudes Toward Testing / 對(duì)測(cè)試的態(tài)度 409 Who Performs the Tests / 誰(shuí)執(zhí)行測(cè)試？ 409 Views of the Test Objects / 測(cè)試對(duì)象的視圖 410 8.3 Unit Testing / 單元測(cè)試 412 Examining the Code / 檢查代碼 412 Proving Code Correct / 證明代碼正確性 416 Testing Program Components / 測(cè)試程序構(gòu)件 420 Comparing Techniques / 技術(shù)比較 425 8.4 Integration Testing / 集成測(cè)試 426 Bottom-Up Integration / 自底向上集成 426 Top-Down Integration / 自頂向下集成 428 Big-Bang Integration / 一次性集成 429 Sandwich Integration / 三明治集成 430 Comparison of Integration Strategies / 集成策略的比較 430 8.5 Testing Object-Oriented Systems / 測(cè)試面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng) 433 Testing the Code / 代碼測(cè)試 433 Differences between Object-Oriented and Traditional Testing / 面向?qū)ο鬁y(cè)試和傳統(tǒng)測(cè)試之間的區(qū)別 434 8.6 Test Planning / 測(cè)試計(jì)劃 436 Purpose of the Plan / 計(jì)劃的目的 436 Contents of the Plan / 計(jì)劃的內(nèi)容 437 8.7 Automated Testing Tools / 自動(dòng)測(cè)試工具 438 Code Analysis Tools / 代碼分析工具 438 Test Execution Tools / 測(cè)試執(zhí)行工具 440 Test Case Generators / 測(cè)試用例生成器 441 8.8 When to Stop Testing / 什么時(shí)候停止測(cè)試 441 Fault Seeding / 故障播種 442 Confidence in the Software / 軟件中的可信度 443 Other Stopping Criteria / 其他的停止測(cè)試的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 444 Identifying Fault-Prone Code / 識(shí)別易出故障的代碼 445 8.9 Information Systems Example / 信息系統(tǒng)的例子 446 8.10 Real-Time Example / 實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的例子 447 8.11 What This Chapter Means for You / 本章對(duì)單個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)人員的意義 448 8.12 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team / 本章對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的意義 448 8.13 What This Chapter Means for Researchers / 本章對(duì)研究人員的意義 449 8.14 Term Project / 學(xué)期項(xiàng)目 449 8.15 Key References / 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 449 8.16 Exercises / 練習(xí) 450 9 Testing the System / 測(cè)試系統(tǒng) 453 9.1 Principles of System Testing / 系統(tǒng)測(cè)試的原則 453 Sources of Software Faults / 軟件故障根源 453 System Testing Process / 系統(tǒng)測(cè)試過(guò)程 455 Configuration Management / 配置管理 459 Test Team / 測(cè)試小組 465 9.2 Function Testing / 功能測(cè)試 466 Purpose and Roles / 目的與職責(zé) 466 Cause-and-Effect Graphs / 因果圖 468 9.3 Performance Testing / 性能測(cè)試 472 Purpose and Roles / 目的和職責(zé) 472 Types of Performance Tests / 性能測(cè)試的類型 472 9.4 Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability / 可靠性、可用性以及可維護(hù)性 474 Definitions / 定義 474 Failure Data / 失效數(shù)據(jù) 475 Measuring Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability / 測(cè)量可靠性、可用性和可維護(hù)性 477 Reliability Stability and Growth / 可靠性的穩(wěn)定性和可靠性增長(zhǎng) 478 Reliability Prediction / 可靠性預(yù)測(cè) 479 Importance of the Operational Environment / 操作環(huán)境的重要性 482 9.5 Acceptance Testing / 驗(yàn)收測(cè)試 483 Purpose and Roles / 目的和職責(zé) 483 Types of Acceptance Tests / 驗(yàn)收測(cè)試的種類 484 Results of Acceptance Tests / 驗(yàn)收測(cè)試的結(jié)果 484 9.6 Installation Testing / 安裝測(cè)試 486 9.7 Automated System Testing / 自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)測(cè)試 486 9.8 Test Documentation / 測(cè)試文檔 487 Test Plans / 測(cè)試計(jì)劃 488 Test Specification and Evaluation / 測(cè)試規(guī)格說(shuō)明和評(píng)估 491 Test Description / 測(cè)試描述 492 Test Analysis Report / 測(cè)試分析報(bào)告 495 Problem Report Forms / 問(wèn)題報(bào)告表 496 9.9 Testing Safety-Critical Systems / 測(cè)試安全攸關(guān)的系統(tǒng) 498 Design Diversity / 設(shè)計(jì)多樣性 500 Software Safety Cases / 軟件安全性案例 502 Cleanroom / 凈室方法 505 9.10 Information Systems Example / 信息系統(tǒng)的例子 509 9.11 Real-Time Example / 實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的例子 511 9.12 What This Chapter Means for You / 本章對(duì)單個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)人員的意義 513 9.13 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team / 本章對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的意義 513 9.14 What This Chapter Means for Researchers / 本章對(duì)研究人員的意義 513 9.15 Term Project / 學(xué)期項(xiàng)目 514 9.16 Key References / 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 514 9.17 Exercises / 練習(xí) 515 10 Delivering the System / 交付系統(tǒng) 519 10.1 Training / 培訓(xùn) 519 Types of Training / 培訓(xùn)的種類 520 Training Aids / 培訓(xùn)助手 522 Guidelines for Training / 培訓(xùn)的指導(dǎo)原則 523 10.2 Documentation / 文檔 524 Types of Documentation / 文檔的種類 524 User Help and Troubleshooting / 用戶幫助和疑難解答 529 10.3 Information Systems Example / 信息系統(tǒng)的例子 531 10.4 Real-Time Example / 實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的例子 532 10.5 What This Chapter Means for You / 本章對(duì)單個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)人員的意義 532 10.6 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team / 本章對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的意義 532 10.7 What This Chapter Means for Researchers / 本章對(duì)研究人員的意義 533 10.8 Term Project / 學(xué)期項(xiàng)目 533 10.9 Key References / 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 533 10.10 Exercises / 練習(xí) 533 11 Maintaining the System / 維護(hù)系統(tǒng) 535 11.1 The Changing System / 變化的系統(tǒng) 535 Types of Systems / 系統(tǒng)的類型 536 Changes During the System Life Cycle / 在系統(tǒng)生命周期過(guò)程中發(fā)生的變化 539 The System Life Span / 系統(tǒng)生命周期跨度 539 11.2 The Nature of Maintenance / 維護(hù)的本質(zhì) 543 Maintenance Activities and Roles / 維護(hù)活動(dòng)及其角色 543 11.3 Maintenance Problems / 維護(hù)問(wèn)題 546 Staff Problems / 人員問(wèn)題 546 Technical Problems / 技術(shù)問(wèn)題 548 The Need to Compromise / 必要的妥協(xié) 549 Maintenance Cost / 維護(hù)成本 550 11.4 Measuring Maintenance Characteristics / 測(cè)量維護(hù)特性 554 External View of Maintainability / 可維護(hù)性的外部視圖 555 Internal Attributes Affecting Maintainability / 影響可維護(hù)性的內(nèi)部屬性 556 Other Product Measures / 其他的產(chǎn)品測(cè)量 558 11.5 Maintenance Techniques and Tools / 維護(hù)技術(shù)和工具 560 Configuration Management / 配置管理 560 Impact Analysis / 影響分析 562 Automated Maintenance Tools / 自動(dòng)化維護(hù)工具 566 11.6 Software Rejuvenation / 軟件再生 568 Redocumentation / 文檔重構(gòu) 569 Restructuring / 重組 570 Reverse Engineering / 逆向工程 571 Reengineering / 工程再造 572 The Future of Rejuvenation / 軟件再生的前景 574 11.7 Information Systems Example / 信息系統(tǒng)的例子 574 11.8 Real-Time Example / 實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的例子 575 11.9 What This Chapter Means for You / 本章對(duì)單個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)人員的意義 576 11.10 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team / 本章對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的意義 576 11.11 What This Chapter Means for Researchers / 本章對(duì)研究人員的意義 577 11.12 Term Project / 學(xué)期項(xiàng)目 577 11.13 Key References / 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 577 11.14 Exercises / 練習(xí) 578 12 Evaluating Products, Processes, and Resources / 評(píng)估產(chǎn)品、過(guò)程和資源 580 12.1 Approaches to Evaluation / 評(píng)估的方法 580 Feature Analysis / 特征分析 581 Surveys / 調(diào)查 582 Case Studies / 案例研究 582 Formal Experiments / 正式試驗(yàn) 583 Preparing for an Evaluation / 準(zhǔn)備評(píng)估 584 12.2 Selecting an Evaluation Technique / 選擇評(píng)估技術(shù) 585 Key Selection Factors / 關(guān)鍵選擇因素 585 What to Believe / 相信什么 586 12.3 Assessment vs. Prediction / 評(píng)價(jià)與預(yù)測(cè) 589 Validating Prediction Systems / 確認(rèn)預(yù)測(cè)系統(tǒng) 590 Validating Measures / 確認(rèn)測(cè)量 593 A Stringent Requirement for Validation / 對(duì)確認(rèn)的緊迫需求 593 12.4 Evaluating Products / 評(píng)估產(chǎn)品 595 Product Quality Models / 產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量模型 595 Establishing Baselines and Targets / 建立基線和設(shè)定目標(biāo) 599 Software Reusability / 軟件可復(fù)用性 601 12.5 Evaluating Processes / 評(píng)估過(guò)程 610 Postmortem Analysis / 事后分析 611 Process Maturity Models / 過(guò)程成熟度模型 617 12.6 Evaluating Resources / 評(píng)估資源 626 People Maturity Model / 人員成熟度模型 627 Return on Investment / 投資回報(bào) 629 12.7 Information Systems Example / 信息系統(tǒng)的例子 631 12.8 Real-Time Example / 實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的例子 632 12.9 What This Chapter Means for You / 本章對(duì)單個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)人員的意義 632 12.10 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team / 本章對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的意義 633 12.11 What This Chapter Means for Researchers / 本章對(duì)研究人員的意義 633 12.12 Term Project / 學(xué)期項(xiàng)目 633 12.13 Key References / 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 634 12.14 Exercises / 練習(xí) 634 13 Improving Predictions, Products, Processes, and Resources / 改進(jìn)預(yù)測(cè)、產(chǎn)品、過(guò)程和資源 636 13.1 Improving Predictions / 改進(jìn)預(yù)測(cè) 636 Predictive Accuracy / 預(yù)測(cè)的精確性 637 Dealing with Bias: The u-Plot / 處理偏誤：u 曲線 638 Dealing with Noise: Prequential Likelihood / 處理噪聲：prequential 似然度 640 Recalibrating Predictions / 重新校準(zhǔn)預(yù)測(cè) 642 13.2 Improving Products / 改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品 645 Inspections / 審查 645 Reuse / 復(fù)用 648 13.3 Improving Processes / 改進(jìn)過(guò)程 649 Process and Capability Maturity / 過(guò)程和能力成熟度 649 Maintenance / 維護(hù) 653 Cleanroom / 凈室方法 654 13.4 Improving Resources / 改進(jìn)資源 657 Work Environment / 工作環(huán)境 657 Cost and Schedule Trade-Offs / 成本和進(jìn)度的權(quán)衡 658 13.5 General Improvement Guidelines / 總體改進(jìn)指導(dǎo)原則 660 13.6 Information Systems Example / 信息系統(tǒng)的例子 661 13.7 Real-Time Example / 實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的例子 662 13.8 What This Chapter Means for You / 本章對(duì)單個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)人員的意義 662 13.9 What This Chapter Means for Your Development Team / 本章對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的意義 662 13.10 What This Chapter Means for Researchers / 本章對(duì)研究人員的意義 663 13.11 Term Project / 學(xué)期項(xiàng)目 663 13.12 Key References / 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 663 13.13 Exercises / 練習(xí) 664 14 The Future of Software Engineering / 軟件工程的未來(lái) 665 14.1 How Have We Done / 目前取得了哪些進(jìn)展？ 665 Wasserman’s Steps to Maturity / Wasserman 的獲得成熟度的措施 666 What Now / 當(dāng)前要做哪些工作？ 668 14.2 Technology Transfer / 技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移 668 How We Make Technology Transfer Decisions Now / 現(xiàn)在我們?cè)鯓幼龀黾夹g(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移的決策 669 Using Evidence in Technology Decision-Making / 在技術(shù)決策中使用證據(jù) 670 Evidence Supporting Technology Decisions / 支持技術(shù)決策的證據(jù) 671 A Closer Look at the Evidence / 對(duì)證據(jù)的進(jìn)一步討論 672 New Models of Technology Transfer / 技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移的新模型 674 Next Steps in Improving Technology Transfer / 改進(jìn)技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移的下一步 676 14.3 Decision-Making in Software Engineering / 軟件工程中的決策 676 Lots of Decisions / 大量的決策 677 Group Decision-Making / 群體決策 679 How We Really Decide / 我們實(shí)際上如何決策 680 How Groups Really Make Decisions / 群體實(shí)際上如何決策 683 A Modest Observational Study / 一個(gè)適度的觀察研究 685 Lessons Learned / 獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn) 688 14.4 The Professionalization of Software Engineering: Licensing, Certification, and Ethics / 軟件工程的職業(yè)化：執(zhí)照發(fā)放、認(rèn)證和倫理 689 Focus on the People / 將重點(diǎn)放在人員上 689 Software Engineering Education / 軟件工程教育 690 Software Engineering Body of Knowledge / 軟件工程知識(shí)體系 692 Licensing Software Engineers / 給軟件工程師頒發(fā)執(zhí)照 694 Certification / 認(rèn)證 700 Code of Ethics / 倫理守則 702 Professional Development / 職業(yè)發(fā)展 704 Next Steps in Research and Practice / 研究和實(shí)踐的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展 705 14.5 Term Project / 學(xué)期項(xiàng)目 706 14.6 Key References / 主要參考文獻(xiàn) 706 14.7 Exercises / 練習(xí) 708 Annotated Bibliography / 參考文獻(xiàn)及注解 709