目 錄 0 緒論 ······································································································ 1 0.1 國(guó)家生態(tài)文明建設(shè) ············································································ 1 0.1.1 人類文明進(jìn)程與可持續(xù)發(fā)展的提出 ································································· 1 0.1.2 我國(guó)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)發(fā)展歷程 ·········································································· 4 0.2 水生態(tài)文明發(fā)展要求 ········································································· 5 0.2.1 水生態(tài)文明 ······························································································· 5 0.2.2 水生態(tài)文明建設(shè) ························································································· 7 0.3 我國(guó)當(dāng)前的主要水問(wèn)題 ······································································ 8 0.3.1 水資源短缺 ······························································································· 9 0.3.2 水環(huán)境污染 ······························································································· 9 0.3.3 水生態(tài)破壞 ····························································································· 11 0.4 生態(tài)水利學(xué)的研究方法 ····································································· 11 思考題 ································································································· 12 參考文獻(xiàn) ······························································································ 12 1 水生態(tài)系統(tǒng) ···························································································· 14 1.1 流域水循環(huán) ···················································································· 14 1.1.1 降水 ······································································································ 15 1.1.2 蒸發(fā)與散發(fā) ····························································································· 15 1.1.3 流域產(chǎn)流 ································································································ 20 1.1.4 流域匯流 ································································································ 23 1.2 河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成 ··········································································· 25 1.2.1 環(huán)境要素的構(gòu)成 ······················································································· 26 1.2.2 生物群落的構(gòu)成 ······················································································· 28 1.3 湖泊水庫(kù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成 ····································································· 32 1.3.1 非生物成分 ····························································································· 33 1.3.2 生物成分 ································································································ 36 1.4 水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)面臨的脅迫 ····································································· 37 1.4.1 水污染 ··································································································· 37 1.4.2 過(guò)度開(kāi)發(fā) ································································································ 38 1.4.3 圍湖造田 ································································································ 40 1.4.4 外來(lái)種入侵 ····························································································· 40 1.4.5 水利工程 ································································································ 43 ·iv· 生態(tài)水利學(xué) 思考題 ································································································· 44 參考文獻(xiàn) ······························································································ 45 2 河流湖泊水庫(kù)生態(tài)調(diào)查 ············································································· 47 2.1 水質(zhì)生物學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè) ·············································································· 47 2.1.1 水質(zhì)生物學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè)原理和優(yōu)勢(shì) ········································································ 47 2.1.2 水質(zhì)理化監(jiān)測(cè) ·························································································· 48 2.1.3 指示生物監(jiān)測(cè) ·························································································· 48 2.1.4 生物指數(shù)分析 ·························································································· 52 2.2 河流湖泊水庫(kù)水生生物調(diào)查 ······························································· 55 2.2.1 浮游生物調(diào)查 ·························································································· 55 2.2.2 大型水生植物調(diào)查 ···················································································· 59 2.2.3 底棲生物調(diào)查 ·························································································· 60 2.2.4 微生物調(diào)查 ····························································································· 61 2.2.5 魚(yú)類調(diào)查 ································································································ 63 2.3 河流湖泊生物棲息地評(píng)價(jià) ·································································· 65 2.3.1 河流湖泊生物棲息地類型 ··········································································· 66 2.3.2 河流湖泊生物棲息地調(diào)查方法 ········································