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外輻射源雷達(dá)是一種采用第三方輻射源，在接收端同時(shí)接收直達(dá)波信號(hào)與目標(biāo)回波信號(hào)，進(jìn)而構(gòu)建目標(biāo)檢測(cè)的新體制雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)。本書系統(tǒng)地介紹了外輻射源雷達(dá)工程的相關(guān)處理方法及應(yīng)用實(shí)例。全書共10 章，結(jié)合作者多年從事外輻射源雷達(dá)研究的理論成果和實(shí)際工程經(jīng)驗(yàn)，對(duì)外輻射源雷達(dá)技術(shù)進(jìn)行了全面系統(tǒng)的闡述。從外輻射雷達(dá)的基礎(chǔ)理論和方法出發(fā)，介紹了外輻射雷達(dá)的發(fā)展歷史和現(xiàn)狀，系統(tǒng)總結(jié)了外輻射源雷達(dá)的組成部分，深入研究了外輻射雷達(dá)目標(biāo)探測(cè)、相干積累、檢測(cè)算法、目標(biāo)定位跟蹤等信號(hào)處理技術(shù)，同時(shí)也梳理了外輻射源目標(biāo)散射機(jī)理和電磁傳播環(huán)境建模等重要研究。

雷達(dá)是一種用于測(cè)量目標(biāo)距離、速度和方向的電子設(shè)備，在現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭、天氣預(yù)報(bào)、
民用航空等領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)得到廣泛應(yīng)用。尤其是在現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)場中，雷達(dá)裝備往往決定了作戰(zhàn)方
對(duì)整個(gè)戰(zhàn)場信息的掌控能力，是決定能否取勝的核心因素之一。然而，隨著現(xiàn)代軍事科
技的不斷進(jìn)步，電磁環(huán)境日益復(fù)雜，各類新型電子對(duì)抗技術(shù)，特別是反輻射武器的出現(xiàn)，
給傳統(tǒng)雷達(dá)帶來了巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。
外輻射源雷達(dá)是一種采用第三方輻射源，在接收端同時(shí)接收直達(dá)波信號(hào)與目標(biāo)回波
信號(hào)，進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)檢測(cè)的新體制雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)。其具有收發(fā)端分置、接收端無源工作的特
點(diǎn)，因此具有較好的抗干擾、抗反輻射武器、抗隱身目標(biāo)和抗低空突防等優(yōu)勢(shì)，是應(yīng)對(duì)
靜默電子戰(zhàn)、低零功率作戰(zhàn)等新作戰(zhàn)環(huán)境的重要手段之一。但是，外輻射源雷達(dá)相關(guān)技
術(shù)存在以下難題。
首先，目標(biāo)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，邊界條件多樣，與空間環(huán)境電磁耦合嚴(yán)重，導(dǎo)致目標(biāo)電磁散
射機(jī)理復(fù)雜，難以高效、精確地求解多尺度電大尺寸目標(biāo)的電磁散射特性。在當(dāng)前作戰(zhàn)
環(huán)境中，可用的外輻射源頻段跨度極大，從較低頻段的FM 廣播信號(hào)到Ku/Ka 頻段的衛(wèi)
星信號(hào)，多尺度目標(biāo)的電磁散射特性隨頻率的電磁改變而產(chǎn)生極大的差異，再加上收發(fā)
分離的幾何結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，使目標(biāo)散射特性分析維度極大地增加，難以建立統(tǒng)一適用的目標(biāo)
電磁散射特性表征分析理論。
其次，目標(biāo)散射信號(hào)受雜波影響大，目標(biāo)信號(hào)與雜波能量差異較大，雜波難以抑制。
為了保證目標(biāo)的全天時(shí)、全天候應(yīng)用，外輻射源雷達(dá)通常采用民用通信信號(hào)。這些信號(hào)
較寬的發(fā)射波束使不同地形地貌的雷達(dá)雜波更加復(fù)雜，極易掩蓋目標(biāo)。同時(shí)，這些雜波
也會(huì)影響直達(dá)波信號(hào)的接收，降低相參積累增益。通信系統(tǒng)獨(dú)特的用頻規(guī)劃和信號(hào)幀結(jié)
構(gòu)等設(shè)置，也加大了目標(biāo)檢測(cè)的難度。例如，我國地面數(shù)字電視輻射源通常在不同站點(diǎn)
同時(shí)發(fā)射完全相同的信號(hào)。這樣的模式設(shè)置不僅會(huì)進(jìn)一步提高雜波的復(fù)雜度，而且會(huì)產(chǎn)
生大量虛假目標(biāo)，影響目標(biāo)檢測(cè)結(jié)果。
再次，電磁散射信號(hào)極其微弱，難增強(qiáng)合成，難積累。外輻射源本身通常不是為目
標(biāo)檢測(cè)而設(shè)置的，較大的覆蓋范圍與較低的發(fā)射能量使目標(biāo)回波信噪比極低。雖然電磁
空間存在大量輻射源，但是這些輻射源信號(hào)特性各異，難以有效地增強(qiáng)合成，提高增益。
同時(shí)，由于目標(biāo)回波信噪比極低，外輻射源雷達(dá)往往需要更長的積累時(shí)間，高速運(yùn)動(dòng)目
標(biāo)會(huì)使長積累時(shí)間的回波產(chǎn)生極大的差異，從而導(dǎo)致目標(biāo)能量分散，目標(biāo)檢測(cè)難度提高。
最后，目標(biāo)信號(hào)傳播環(huán)境復(fù)雜，難以精確地建模。由于電離層的非線性和時(shí)空變化
性質(zhì)，目標(biāo)電離層的分析需要充分考慮不同時(shí)段和不同位置的電離層參數(shù)的變化，同時(shí)
需要對(duì)大氣層中的干擾因素進(jìn)行充分的分析和消除，以獲得準(zhǔn)確的電離層數(shù)據(jù)�；夭ㄐ�
號(hào)非常微弱，因此需要對(duì)電離層中的噪聲進(jìn)行充分的分析和消除，以保證目標(biāo)信號(hào)的準(zhǔn)
確性和可靠性。
本書主要針對(duì)以上難點(diǎn)和挑戰(zhàn)，全面介紹和深入研究相關(guān)的技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)。首先介紹了
外輻射源雷達(dá)的發(fā)展歷史和現(xiàn)狀。然后介紹了外輻射源雷達(dá)的基本理論與方法。接著詳
細(xì)介紹了外輻射源雷達(dá)典型目標(biāo)的電磁散射模型。之后詳細(xì)地介紹了參考信號(hào)提純、雜
波抑制、相參積累、信號(hào)合成與增強(qiáng)等數(shù)字信號(hào)處理理論及方法。最后介紹了外輻射源
雷達(dá)電波傳播對(duì)外輻射源雷達(dá)探測(cè)性能的影響，并詳細(xì)介紹了基于衛(wèi)星外輻射源的目標(biāo)
探測(cè)定位技術(shù)。作者希望本書對(duì)外輻射源雷達(dá)相關(guān)技術(shù)的研究，能提高我國在新作戰(zhàn)環(huán)
境下的電子作戰(zhàn)能力和作戰(zhàn)效能，為相關(guān)設(shè)備的研制提供理論和技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。
由于個(gè)人能力有限，書中難免有疏漏之處，懇請(qǐng)各位讀者批評(píng)指正。

劉春恒
2024 年3 月

第1 章緒論····························································································.1
1.1 外輻射源雷達(dá)概述··········································································.1
1.1.1 外輻射源雷達(dá)與外輻射源雙站雷達(dá)·············································.1
1.1.2 外輻射源雙站雷達(dá)的特性·························································.2
1.1.3 外輻射源雙站雷達(dá)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)···················································.7
1.2 外輻射源雙站雷達(dá)的發(fā)展歷史···························································.9
1.3 本書內(nèi)容安排··············································································.16
第2 章外輻射源雷達(dá)技術(shù)········································································.17
2.1 外輻射源雷達(dá)方程········································································.17
2.1.1 噪聲條件下的外輻射源雷達(dá)方程··············································.17
2.1.2 雜波條件下的外輻射源雷達(dá)方程··············································.23
2.2 互模糊函數(shù)相參積累·····································································.29
2.2.1 互模糊函數(shù)的特性································································.29
2.2.2 互模糊函數(shù)的經(jīng)典計(jì)算方法····················································.31
2.2.3 時(shí)域補(bǔ)償批處理法································································.36
2.3 主要外輻射源信號(hào)與模糊函數(shù)特征···················································.48
2.3.1 DVB-S 信號(hào)········································································.48
2.3.2 GPS 信號(hào)············································································.51
2.3.3 FM 信號(hào)·············································································.53
2.3.4 DVB-T 信號(hào)········································································.54
2.3.5 DTMB 信號(hào)·········································································.56
2.3.6 5G 信號(hào)·············································································.59
2.3.7 不同外輻射源雷達(dá)信號(hào)探測(cè)的影響分析與性能比較······················.61
2.4 外輻射源雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)及信號(hào)處理流程·············································.64
2.4.1 外輻射源雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)··························································.64
2.4.2 外輻射源雷達(dá)信號(hào)處理流程····················································.67
第3 章外輻射源目標(biāo)電磁散射機(jī)理與電磁散射特性·······································.70
3.1 概述··························································································.70
3.2 外輻射源典型目標(biāo)的散射源及電磁散射機(jī)理·······································.71
3.2.1 鏡面反射············································································.71
3.2.2 二面角反射·········································································.72
3.2.3 腔體散射············································································.74
3.2.4 邊緣繞射············································································.75
3.2.5 尖端繞射············································································.77
3.2.6 爬行波繞射·········································································.78
3.2.7 表面不連續(xù)處的散射·····························································.80
3.3 目標(biāo)電磁散射特性計(jì)算方法····························································.82
3.3.1 高頻近似方法······································································.82
3.3.2 全波計(jì)算方法······································································.87
3.4 多尺度電大尺寸目標(biāo)電磁散射特性計(jì)算方法·······································.92
3.4.1 基于區(qū)域分解的矩量法（SMoM） ···········································.93
3.4.2 基于區(qū)域分解的自適應(yīng)積分方法（SAIM） ································.96
3.4.3 基于并行計(jì)算的區(qū)域分解MLFMA ···········································.99
3.4.4 高低頻混合算法··································································.103
3.5 典型目標(biāo)BCS 特征分析································································.109
3.5.1 隱身飛機(jī)BCS 和RCS 對(duì)比····················································.109
3.5.2 波音737-400 民航客機(jī)BCS 特征分析······································.110
第4 章目標(biāo)散射中心提取與目標(biāo)電磁散射特征反演·······································113
4.1 概述·························································································.113
4.2 散射中心模型·············································································.114
4.2.1 散射中心模型概述·······························································.114
4.2.2 點(diǎn)散射中心模型··········

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