Contents
Preface, xxxi
Chapter 1 Language, Learning, and Teaching 1
Questions about SLA, 2
Rejoicing in Our Defeats, 4
Language, 6
Learning and Teaching, 8
Three Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition, 9
Nineteen Centuries of Language Teaching, 15
Language Teaching in the Twentieth Century, 16
Suggested Readings, 18
Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 1, 19
Guidelines for Entry 1, 19
For the Teacher: Activities (A) & Discussion (D), 20
Chapter 2 First Language Acquisition 22
Theories of First Language Acquisition, 23
Issues in First Language Acquisition, 34
L1-Acquisition-Inspired Methods, 48
Suggested Readings, 49
Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 2, 50
For the Teacher: Activities (A) & Discussion (D), 50
Chapter 3 Age and Acquisition 52
Dispelling Myths, 53
Types of Comparison and Contrast, 54
The Critical Period Hypothesis: The Younger the Better?, 55
Neurobiological Considerations, 56
The Significance of Accent, 59
Cognitive Considerations, 61
Affective Considerations, 64
Linguistic Considerations, 66
Issues in First Language Acquisition Revisited, 71
Age-and-Acquisition-Inspired Teaching Methods, 74
Suggested Readings, 76
Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 3, 77
For the Teacher: Activities (A) & Discussion (D), 77
Chapter 4 Human Learning 79
Behavioral Perspectives, 80
Cognitive Perspectives, 83
Social-Constructivist Perspectives, 90
Fundamental Concepts in Human Learning, 94
Language Aptitude, 99
Intelligence and Language Learning, 102
Learning Theories in the Classroom: ALM & CLL, 104
Suggested Readings, 107
Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 4, 108
For the Teacher: Activities (A) & Discussion (D), 108
Chapter 5 Individual Differences 110
Some Historical Background, 111
Learning Styles, 112
Autonomy and Awareness, 123
Self-Regulation, 125
Strategies, 126
Strategies-Based Instruction, 134
Suggested Readings, 140
Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 5, 140
For the Teacher: Activities (A) & Discussion (D), 141
Chapter 6 Affective Factors 143
The Affective Domain, 144
Affective Factors in SLA, 145
Personality Type, 158
Motivation, 161
The Neurobiology of Affect, 168
Measuring Affective Factors, 170
Classroom Applications: Intrinsic Motivation, 171
Suggested Readings, 173
Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 6, 174
For the Teacher: Activities (A) & Discussion (D), 175
Chapter 7 Language, Culture, and Identity 177
Defining Culture, 178
Cultural Parameters, 179
Stereotypes, 181
Language, Thought, and Culture, 183
Communities of Practice, 187
Identity and Language Learning, 188
Historical Landmarks in Cross-Cultural Research, 189
Ideology, Policy, and Politics, 194
Teaching Intercultural Competence, 199
Classroom Applications: Tips for Teaching Culture, 203
Suggested Readings, 204
Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 7, 205
For the Teacher: Activities (A) & Discussion (D), 205
Chapter 8 Communicative Competence 207
Defining Communicative Competence, 208
Language Functions, 213
Interactional Competence, 218
Discourse Analysis, 219
Pragmatics, 227
Corpus Analysis, 231
Nonverbal Communication, 233
Classroom Applications: CLT and Task-Based
Suggested Readings, 240
Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 8, 241
For the Teacher: Activities (A) & Discussion (D), 242
Chapter 9 Interlanguage 244
Learner Language, 245
Learners Errors: Windows of Opportunity, 250
Sources of Difficulty, 256
Error Treatment: Focus on Form, 268
Suggested Readings, 278
Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 9, 279
For the Teacher: Activities (A) & Discussion (D), 280
Chapter 10 Sorting through Perspectives on SLA 281
Weaving a Tapestry of Perspectives on SLA, 283
Six Perspectives on SLA, 288
Some Final Comments, 307
Suggested Readings, 312
Language Learning Experience: Final Journal Entry, 312
For the Teacher: Activities (A) & Discussion (D), 313
Bibliography, 315
Glossary, 370