本書主要特點與創(chuàng)新之處包括：（1）探討了英漢語言結構與功能差異背后的深層原因（如造成英漢語親屬稱謂繁簡之別以及英漢語語篇結構差異的社會歷史與文化心理因素等）；（2）從理論與實踐兩方面闡明了英漢語言研究中的許多重要問題（如英語主語突出與漢語話題突出這兩種迥然不同的信息結構、詩歌翻譯歸化與外化的語言學依據(jù)等）；（3）國內已有的相關研究集中于語音、音位、詞匯和語法層次上的對比分析，對翻譯、外語寫作和外語交際特別重要的篇章和語用對比方面的研究相當缺少，本書針對此情況做了比較多的填空補缺工作（如對英漢語篇章結構上的差異與中國學生英語寫作與英漢互譯問題之間的關系的研究、對不同語言會話結構方面的語用特點與跨文化交往中溝通與對談的技巧之間的關系的討論等）；（4）強調結構與生成的概念，自始至終貫穿著現(xiàn)代科學的分析精神與方法；（5）在句法和語義對比基礎的討論中，作者引入了符號學概念，在國內同類型著作中屬于首創(chuàng).
本書從形式與功能兩方面系統(tǒng)探討了英語和漢語等語言在語音、音位、詞匯、語法、語篇和語用層次上具有的重要差異，以及這些差異對于翻譯理論、普通語言學、英語寫作、外語教學法、雙語詞典編篡、跨文化交際等領域內的研究與實踐具有的直接或間接啟示。本書主要創(chuàng)新之處包括：從理論與實踐兩方面分析闡明了英漢語言研究中的許多重要問題，并對英漢語言結構與功能差異背后的深層原因進行了探究；用符號學方法對句法和語義對比的理論基礎進行了系統(tǒng)研究；在對語言翻譯、外語寫作和口頭交際特別重要的語篇和語用對比分析方面做了較多的填空補缺工作。本書是國內第一部用英文撰寫的語言共時對比研究著作，對于語言學、翻譯學和外語教學等領域內的理論研究而言是一本材料翔實、觀點與方法獨到的專著，對于高等院校英、漢語言相關專業(yè)研究生的課程學習亦是一本有價值的參考書。
南京大學教授，博士生導師，江蘇省譯協(xié)理事，中國翻譯協(xié)會專家會員，中國英漢語比較研究會理事。1987-1990年間任教于北京大學英語系，曾獲北京大學"優(yōu)秀青年學者獎"二等獎。
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES9PREFACE11CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION11.1What is Contrastive Linguistics?11.1.1The Name and Nature of Contrastive Linguistics21.1.1.1Linguistics21.1.1.2Contrastive Linguistics (Contrastive Analysis)41.1.2Micro-Contrastive Linguistics and Macro-Contrastive Linguistics101.2Why Contrastive Linguistics?111.2.1The Theoretical Need for Contrastive Linguistics121.2.2The Practical Need for Contrastive Linguistics131.3The History and Development of Contrastive Linguistics18Questions for Discussion and Research26CHAPTER 2 THE PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS282.1Basic Assumptions and Hypotheses Underlying Contrastive Analysis (CA)282.1.1The Psychological Basis of Contrastive Analysis: Transfer292.1.2The Strong and Weak Versions of Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis302.1.3The Predictive Power of Contrastive Analysis312.2Theoretical Contrastive Analysis and Applied Contrastive Analysis322.3Criteria for Comparison372.3.1The Surface Structure (SS)382.3.2The Deep Structure (DS)402.3.3Translation Equivalence442.4Procedures of Contrastive Analysis49Questions for Discussion and Research50CHAPTER 3 PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS523.1Phonetics and Phonology523.2Contrastive Phonetics543.2.1Articulatory Phonetics543.2.1.1Vocal organs (articulators) and the dynamics of voice production543.2.1.2The modulation of speech sounds583.2.2Acoustic Phonetics603.2.2.1Frequency603.2.2.2Amplitude of vibration613.2.2.3Timbre613.2.3Auditory Phonetics623.3Contrastive Phonology653.3.1Phonological Contrastive Analysis653.3.1.1The functional statuses of comparable speech sounds in different languages653.3.1.2Pronunciation problems caused by phonemic asymmetries and by allophonic differences663.3.1.3The functional loads of comparable phonological contrasts in different languages673.3.2Two Phonological Models683.3.2.1The taxonomic or structural phonology683.3.2.2Generative phonology693.4Suprasegmental Contrastive Analysis713.4.1The Contrastive Analysis of Pitch723.4.1.1Tone723.4.1.2Intonation733.4.2The Contrastive Analysis of Juncture75Questions for Discussion and Research76CHAPTER 4 LEXICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS784.1Contrastive Lexical Morphology794.1.1Lexical/Derivational Morphology and Inflectional Morphology794.1.2Morpheme804.1.2.1Free morpheme804.1.2.2Bound morpheme804.1.2.2.1 Affix804.1.2.2.2 Combining form814.1.2.3Stem (base morpheme) and root814.1.3A Comparison of the Makeup of English and Chinese Word Stock824.2Contrastive Lexical Semantics844.2.1The Motivation (Internal Form) of Words854.2.1.1Phonetic motivation864.2.1.2Graphemic motivation864.2.1.3Morphological motivation874.2.1.4Semantic motivation874.2.1.5A contrastive analysis of the morphological motivation of English, German, and Chinese words874.2.2Sense Relationships914.2.2.1Syntagmatic semantic relationship: Collocation924.2.2.2Paradigmatic semantic relationships944.2.2.2.1 Synonymy944.2.2.2.2 Antonymy954.2.2.2.3 Hyponymy964.2.2.2.4 Incompatibility984.2.2.3Lexical fields and lexical gaps984.2.3Semantic Features1034.3Three Active Areas1074.3.1Anthropology1084.3.2Translation1144.3.3Bilingual Lexicography118Questions for Discussion and Research119CHAPTER 5 GRAMMATICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS1225.1The Concept of Grammar1225.2The Contrastive Analysis of Inflectional Morphology1245.2.1Grammatical Categories1265.2.1.1Aspect1265.2.1.2Case1285.2.1.3Gender1295.2.1.4Mood1295.2.1.5Number1295.2.1.6Person1305.2.1.7Tense1305.2.1.8Voice1305.2.2A Contrastive Study of the Chinese and English Case Systems1315.3Syntactic Contrastive Analysis1355.3.1The Structural Approach (Surface-structure Contrasts)1355.3.2The Weaknesses of the Structural Approach1395.3.3The Generative Approaches1405.3.3.1The Transformational Grammarian approach (For deep-structure contrasts)1415.3.3.2The Case Grammarian approach (For deeper-structure contrasts)147Questions for Discussion and Research154CHAPTER 6 TEXTUAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS1566.1Text and Discourse1586.2The Defining Characteristics of the Text1596.3The Contrastive Analysis of Textual Cohesion1626.3.1Semantic Cohesion1646.3.1.1Reference1646.3.1.2Substitution1676.3.1.3Ellipsis1686.3.1.4Conjunction1706.3.1.5Lexical relationships ("lexical cohesion")1746.3.2Structural Cohesion1756.3.2.1Parallelism1756.3.2.2Comparison1806.3.2.3Information structure1806.3.2.3.1 Theme and Rheme1816.3.2.3.2 Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)1826.3.2.3.3 Topic and Comment1836.3.3Different Languages Preferring Different Cohesive Devices1926.4The Contrastive Analysis of Textual Coherence192Questions for Discussion and Research200CHAPTER 7 PRAGMATIC CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS2037.1Speech Act Theory2037.1.1Speech Acts2047.1.1.1Performatives and constatives2047.1.1.2Three kinds of speech acts2047.1.1.3Five basic types of illocutionary acts2057.1.2Felicity Conditions2067.2Conversational Interaction2077.2.1The Structural Components of Conversation2087.2.1.1Openings2087.2.1.2The maintaining of a conversation2107.2.1.3Closings2157.2.2Principles of Conversational Organization2177.2.2.1The Cooperative Principle (Be Clear)2177.2.2.1.1 Conversational maxims2177.2.2.1.2 Conversational implicature2187.2.2.2The Rules of Politeness (Be Polite)2217.2.2.2.1 Rule 1: Don't impose on your hearer2217.2.2.2.2 Rule 2: Give the hearer options2237.2.2.2.3 Rule 3: Make the hearer feel good: Be friendly223Questions for Discussion and Research225REFERENCES227INDEX235
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